Probiotics (gut microbiome)

inflammation redoxmetabolic glycemic

Sold as a consumer product in 1 of 9 markets tracked; in clinical trials in 2.

Evidence so far is from observational studies in people and animal studies.

Evidence map

each mark is a study; size shows participants; hover, tap or focus for details

main endpoints improvedno effectworsenedmixedobservationalanother intervention, contextsize not reported

Higher rows are closer to a person taking this. A case that rests only on the lower rows rests on animals or cells.

What each study measured

outlined square: the main (primary) endpoint

Harms reported

human studies

Where it is available

by regulator; select a market for its source

If you are tracking this yourself

measures the human studies used, by how repeatable they are

Repeatability is whether the same person measured twice gets the same number. It is not statistical significance. It informs study or protocol design only, never advice for a person.

What would change this picture

each study's own statement

Trials under way

Every study (9)

T5 Yang 2025 Effect of dietary probiotics intake on cancer mortality: a cohort study of NHANES 1999-2018 doi:10.1038/s41598-024-83722-8
T5 Shen 2023 Nonfood Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Synbiotic Use Reduces All-Cause And Cardiovascular Mortality Risk In Older Adults: A Population-Based Cohort Study doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2630152/v1
T5 Sun 2023 Association of nonfood pro-, pre-, and synbiotics with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in older US adults doi:10.1007/s12603-023-1921-1
T3 Fecal Microbiota Transfer from Young… (2024) Fecal Microbiota Transfer from Young Mice Reverts Vascular Aging Hallmarks and Metabolic Impairments in Aged Mice doi:10.14336/AD.2024.0384
T3 Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Attenuates Frailty… (2024) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Attenuates Frailty via Gut-Muscle Axis in Old Mice doi:10.14336/AD.2024.0321
TX Wang 2025a The application of fecal microbiota transplantation in Parkinson’s disease doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1713899
TX Stahlke 2025 Sex hormones, the gut microbiome, and neurodegenerative diseases: Lifespan perspective doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-25-00932
TX Feng 2024 Gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease: potential links and the role of fecal microbiota transplantation doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1479343
TX Wang 2025b Aging Gut Microbiome in Healthy and Unhealthy Aging doi:10.14336/AD.2024.0331